Introduction
Tourism is a phenomenon known to everyone. At all times, our planet was crossed by numerous travelers and pioneers. But only recently tourism has emerged as a specific form of human activity. Each of us imagines tourism as an industry, more or less known, because we have all traveled somewhere and spent vacations away from home. Tourism is a relatively young phenomenon, which, however, has roots that go back to ancient times.
We entered the market economy at a time when significant changes had already taken place in the international market with respect to tourism. Tourism around the world has become one of the most significant economic sectors, and for some developing countries - the basis of their existence (Thailand, Cyprus, Malaysia, etc.).
Tourism is now one of the most dynamic sectors of both the Russian and the world economy. Tourism is also tourism enterprises, primarily the activities of tourism organizers and intermediaries. Today, the number of travel companies has greatly increased, and fierce competition forces them to occupy their niches in the market. There are firms dealing with individual countries or destinations, there are firms that work only to receive tourists. There are those that work with groups, and those that organize trips on an individual order. There are tour operators who fully organize trips and offer ready-made routes to other travel agencies at a discount, and there are travel agents who act as intermediaries between the tour operator and the client. Travel agents receive information about various tours, from which they select the right and most affordable for the client.
Definition of tourism
Is it possible to unequivocally answer the question, what does such a thing as "tourism" include? For some, tourism is associated with kilometers covered by untrodden paths, with a tent, with songs by the fire, for others it is trips to historical places, for others it is travel to foreign countries. And they are all right, because tourism is extremely diverse.
Tourism is a type of travel and encompasses the circle of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes. At first glance, the concept of "tourism" is accessible to each of us, since we all made trips somewhere, read articles about tourism in newspapers, watched TV shows about travel, and, when planning our vacation, used the advice and services of travel agencies. However, for scientific and educational purposes, it is very important to determine the relationship between the constituent elements of tourism as a branch of the national economy. Although various interpretations of this concept have appeared in the process of tourism development, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:
1. Change of location. In this case, we are talking about a trip that is carried out to a place that is outside the usual environment. However, people who make daily trips between home and place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, as these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.
2. Stay elsewhere. The main condition here is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it should not be related to labor activity (wage). This nuance should be taken into account, because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activity differs from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers must not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who stays or plans to stay for one year or more in a certain place is considered a permanent resident from the point of view of tourism and therefore cannot be called a tourist.
3. Remuneration from a source in the place visited. The essence of this criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be the implementation of activities paid from a source in the place visited. Any person entering a country for work paid from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist to that country. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person traveling to another location within the same country (or to another country) to carry out activities paid from a source in that place (country) is not considered a tourist of that place.
These three criteria, underlying the definition of tourism, are basic. At the same time, there are special categories of tourists for whom these criteria are still insufficient - these are refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.
Analysis of the above features, characteristics and criteria allows us to identify the following features of tourism:
Business travel, as well as travel for the purpose of spending leisure time, is movement outside the usual place of residence and work. If a resident of the city moves around it in order to make purchases, then he is not a tourist, since he does not leave his functional place;
Tourism is not only an important branch of the economy, but also an important part of people's lives. It covers the relationship of a person with his external environment.
Consequently, tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activity.
Characteristics and features of types of tourism
As a feature that allows you to classify travel by types of tourism motivational factors can be used. With such a classification, one should proceed from the main motive that prompted a person to go on a trip. Although the motives are not always clearly defined, it is still possible to distinguish six types of tourism in the system of its management.
Tourism for the purpose of recreation. This type consists in a short or longer rest for the purpose of physical or psychological recovery of the body. In addition, this group also includes resort holidays, in which the natural properties of the soil, climate and sea water are used for treatment or recuperation.
Tourism for the purpose of studying culture. Tourism, focused on the knowledge of a foreign culture, is divided into cognitive and pilgrimage. Educational tourism covers a visit to historical, cultural or geographical attractions. Tourists traveling for educational purposes are most often interested in the social and economic relations of the countries they visit. The purpose of pilgrimage tourism is to visit places of special religious significance.
Public tourism. As public tourism, trips are made to visit relatives, acquaintances, friends (in international terminology it is known as visiting friends and relatives - VFR), as well as club tourism. Club tourism is different in that travelers are consciously integrated into groups. Grouping occurs when there is an entertainment or sports program that interests people.
Sports tourism. Sports tourism includes trips for the purpose of active participation in sporting events, as well as trips that are passive in nature, participation in sports competitions.
An example of active participation in sports: Ms. L. goes to the Carpathians to go skiing; passive participation: a football fan travels to all the biggest competitions of his football club.
Economic tourism - trips made out of professional and commercial interest: visits to stock exchanges, exhibitions, fairs, etc.
Congress (political) tourism is divided into diplomatic tourism, participation in congresses, as well as tourism associated with political events and events.
An example of diplomatic tourism: members of the Russian parliament travel to the city of M. to take part in parliamentary sessions; tourism associated with political events: Ms V. sympathizes with the political trends of a particular party in Moscow. She attends the congress of this party.
Sometimes the need to specify tourism in its forms arises in connection with the different duration of travel (long and short trips). In this case, the length of stay on the trip is chosen as the main criterion for such a classification. If journeys are distinguished by such an external criterion as length of stay then we can say that these trips belong to various forms of tourism. There are many opportunities to distinguish forms of tourism according to external criteria: by the origin of tourists; by organizational form; by duration of stay on the trip; by age; by means of transport; by time of year or season.
At first glance, it may seem that there is no big difference between the forms and types of tourism. In both cases, trips are grouped based on certain points of view. The difference lies in the fact that the types of tourism differ in the motivation of travelers, i.e., in internal factors, and the forms of tourism differ in external causes and influences, which is very important for management.
Forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into domestic and international. In this case, the word "origin" does not refer to a person's nationality or place of birth, but to his place of residence and work.
Forms of tourism depending on its organization (organizational form). Depending on the forms of organization, there are lump-sum (providing a range of services for one price) and individual tourism. A package tour is a standardized, pre-organized package of tourist services. An individual tour has the features that the tourist organizes and implements it independently. Such tours are also called solo, but this does not mean that you need to travel alone, because you can travel with your family, and at the same time the trip is called solo.
concept "individual tourism" most often opposed to the concept "mass tourism". Mass tourism originally meant that many people participate in tourism. Over time, this concept has acquired a negative meaning. Currently, mass tourism is associated with the negative impacts of primarily lump-sum tourism, which is why the concepts individual tourism And mass tourism are no longer suitable for distinguishing forms of tourism by the number of participants.
Forms of tourism depending on the length of stay. A very important classification of forms of tourism is their classification depending on the length of stay.
Travel duration refers to the time spent by a tourist in the course of a trip or stay in a visited place or country. Day trips are classified as follows: less than three hours; three - five hours; six - eight hours; nine - eleven o'clock; twelve or more hours. Overnight trips can be classified as follows: 1-3 nights; 4-7 nights; 8-28 nights; 29-91 nights; 92 - 365 nights.
Long trips are usually complemented by short trips. Short trips include transit trips, day trips and short-term tourism. Transit tourism is the stops of tourists on their way to their destination. One-day tourism is daylight tours: they do not involve overnight stays. A particularly important form of short-term tourism is short-term tourism. Short-term tourism includes business tourism and weekend trips. Regardless of whether trips are made for business or personal purposes, their average duration is 2-4 days, i.e. they include a minimum of one, a maximum of three nights.
Forms of tourism depending on the age of travelers. When classifying forms of tourism, the age of travelers is also taken into account. According to the age scale, the following groups of tourists are defined: children traveling with their parents; youth (tourists aged 15-24); relatively young, economically active people aged 25-44; economically active people of middle (45 - 64 years) age (travel, as a rule, without children); pensioners (65 years and older).
Forms of tourism depending on the means of transport. Depending on the vehicle used to move tourists from one place to another, the following forms of tourism are distinguished: air tourism, bus, rail, road and sea.
Forms of tourism depending on the season. Depending on the time of year, winter and summer tourism differs. Seasonal classification of forms of tourism shows fluctuations in demand for tourism services during the year. The time at which the maximum number of trips is made is called the tourist season, the period of decline in travel is called the off-season. Tourist seasons in different regions may not coincide.
In addition to the proposed six criteria, there are other points of view that allow classifying travel by form. To make the classification of tourism more complete, the World Tourism Organization proposes to classify tourism into the following types: domestic tourism - travel of residents of any region in this region; inbound tourism- travel in any country of persons who are not its inhabitants; outbound tourism - travel of residents of a country to another country. These main types of tourism can be combined in different ways to form categories of tourism. These categories of tourism can apply not only to any country, but also to the region; the term "region" - to some area within a country, or to a group of countries. Definition « tourism within the country » covers domestic and inbound tourism; "National tourism"- domestic and outbound tourism; "international tourism"- entry and exit.
Types of tourists
When studying the tourism business, it is very important to correctly answer the following question: who uses what tourism services? At the same time, one should think about whether the families of Mr. Ivanov and Mr. Sidorov will have the same vacation and whether their needs for a tourist product will coincide. The answer is unequivocal - no. In this regard, all tourists can be classified according to the following criteria:
Depending on their activity;
Depending on the lifestyle.
Traditionally among tourists on their vacation activities there are six groups:
Relaxation lovers. Its representatives go on vacation in order to get rid of everyday stress and relax in a calm and pleasant environment. They are afraid of strangers and large crowds of people. Quietly resting vacationers are attracted sun, sand and sea.
Pleasure lovers. This is a type of very adventurous tourists who, during their holidays, are busy looking for a variety of pleasures and prefer a secular atmosphere. The most commonly used words for them are: flirting, long distance.
Example: Mr. M. wakes up around noon and goes to the swimming pool. There he meets a cheerful company, they talk, drink a cocktail in a bar, swim a little and listen to music. In the afternoon, Mr. M. plays tennis with another vacationer. For the evening he has arrangement for dinner. After dinner - a visit to the disco, which lasts until the morning.
Outdoor enthusiasts. These tourists love nature and create an active load on their bodies. They prefer measured movement and stay in the open air. Their vacation can be combined with treatment.
Sports enthusiasts. Unlike active tourists, sportsmen have all their attention focused on competitions. Sports are very important for them - their hobby. They are not afraid of physical activity.
Vacationers for the purpose of knowledge, study. This type of tourists is interested in raising their educational level, learning new things. In this type, three subgroups are distinguished: P1 P2 and P3. Type P1 tourists visit places described in guidebooks. Type P2 focuses not so much on recognized landmarks as on finding places where he can feel their atmosphere. For him, feelings and moods come to the fore. Tourists of the P3 type have pronounced cultural and socio-scientific interests, they are very attracted to nature.
Adventure lovers. Only a few thrill-seekers go on a journey alone and put themselves at really serious risk in doing so. The type of adventurers can be attributed to those tourists who are looking for unusual experiences with a certain degree of risk. For them, risk is an opportunity to test themselves.
Classification of tourists into groups depending on from their lifestyle suggests a more in-depth approach to the selection of types, since it considers a person and his behavior not in isolation, but in connection with his life position, attitude to various things and his desires.
When singling out groups of tourists depending on their lifestyle, the basis is not some separate criterion, but the general attitude of a person to his life. It is very difficult to do this, since the trends and the economic situation in society are subject to very strong changes over time.
Depending on the lifestyle, there are four groups of tourists: lovers of pleasure, tendentious, family and exclusively relaxing tourists. With this classification, it should be borne in mind that the distinguished groups are constantly changing and the boundaries between them are very vague.
Pleasure lovers. Representatives of this group make very high demands on the quality of rest. For them, travel is a way of self-expression. From rest, they want to enjoy, allow themselves some weaknesses or give themselves a sports load.
Example: Members of the S. family spend their holidays in the Alps on the shores of an alpine lake. They are accommodated in the hotel in comfortable apartments with the best view. During the day they surf and sail, and for a change they play golf and tennis. It is important for them that at dinner they are well served and offered a varied menu. After dinner, they sometimes go to a disco or meet friends at a bar.
Trendy tourists. For tourists belonging to this group, rest is an opportunity to find and express themselves as a person. These are vacationers with high demands, but unlike the “enjoying life”, they do not need luxury conditions. They are looking for unity with nature, silence and the possibility of psychological relief. They are aware of the problems of the environment, are interested in the politics and culture of the region they are planning to visit.
Example: Ms. B. was going to really relax during her vacation. She goes to a small boarding house. During the day, she rides her bike a lot and goes hiking. She devotes some time to enjoying loneliness, the landscape, the play of light, shades. If the weather does not allow, and in the evenings she stays in a boarding house, she reads, communicates with other vacationers. In the evening she attends concerts.
Family tourists. This group includes only families with children. Family tourists like to spend their holidays with family, friends and relatives. They rest in a calm and comfortable environment, buy services at competitive prices, and do not like to be disturbed. Most of the time they take care of themselves.
Example: The K. family rented a vacation home by the sea for the holidays. The family consists of four people. Most often they can be found on the street. They play ball, read, sunbathe, swim. All household duties are distributed: the children go for bread, everyone cleans up the bed, the whole family goes shopping. In the evening they go to dinner in a restaurant or cook themselves. If they stay at home, everyone helps to prepare dinner.
Whole rest. The most important condition for tourists of this type is the opportunity to relax. This group includes relatively passive tourists who spend their holidays in the traditional way: they are content with silence, sleep for a long time, like to eat tasty and plentiful food, take short walks or short trips. Fans of such a holiday rejoice if their favorite habits can be preserved during the holidays, because they do not like to experiment.
Conclusion
Today we perceive tourism as the most massive phenomenon of the 20th century, as one of the most striking phenomena of our time, which really penetrates into all spheres of our life and changes the world and landscape. Tourism has become one of the most important factors in the economy, so we see it not just as a trip or vacation. This concept is much broader and is the totality of relationships and the unity of connections and phenomena that accompany a person in travel.
High rates of tourism development, large volumes of foreign exchange earnings actively influence various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the formation of its own tourism industry. The tourism sector accounts for about 6% of the world's gross domestic product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job, 11% of global consumer spending. Thus, today it is impossible not to notice the huge impact that the tourism industry has on the world economy.
An important feature of the current stage of tourism development and changes in its organizational forms is the penetration of transport, trade, industrial, banking, insurance and other companies into the tourism business.
The intensive development of international tourist relations has led to the establishment of numerous international organizations and the promotion of a better organization of this sphere of international economic relations.
Hiking takes a significant place in the life of the health camp, as they have great educational opportunities. Their implementation depends on the teacher, counselor-leader. Work on tourism creates a fertile ground for the development of labor and strong-willed skills. On a hike, a tourist learns to overcome obstacles, cook food, chop wood, put up a tent, and navigate the terrain.
The campaign must pursue precisely formulated tasks. The duties of the leader of the campaign include the development of the route, the study of the travel area, for which he conducts personal reconnaissance in advance. When choosing a route, one should take into account age, degree of physical fitness, natural and climatic conditions of the hiking area. As a result, a survey of the area or a route plan should be made.
A special place in the preparation is occupied by training in packing a backpack, kindling a fire, quickly setting up tents, and arranging huts. All this would be good to learn in a playful way and in the form of quizzes. An effective means of preparing for hiking trips are competitions in the tourist obstacle course in detachments between links. They can be carried out on the speed of overcoming by the team (link) of the entire strip, consisting of natural and artificial obstacles: running "over bumps"; carrying the "victim", overcoming a moat, a stream along a log; climbing a slope with a rope; orientation, setting up a tent; kindling a fire, etc.
2-3 days before the departure, a list of participants in the campaign is established. For every 12-15 people, a leader is allocated (from among adults). Other duties are distributed - the supply manager for equipment, the deputy head for food, the orderly, the photographer.
After the products are issued on the basis of the order of the head of the camp, the cook group draws up a menu for the entire trip. On the eve of the exit, the deputy food manager and the supply manager receive food, inventory, dishes (buckets, bowls, mugs, spoons), distribute them in backpacks and in other containers that are convenient for carrying. Note that all this must be completed before the evening line.
The head of the group is appointed by order of the head of the camp and is responsible for the preparation and successful conduct of the campaign (travel), for the life and health of its participants.
When developing the route, it is necessary to outline the movement paths of the group, draw up a schedule of the route (outline the places of halts, determine the most difficult places-obstacles, places for overnight stay and swimming), agree (if necessary) on lodging for the night with an excursion institution, with a children's recreation camp along the way following, about a friendly meeting, meals or about other events.
If the group leaves in the morning with the intention of returning in the evening, then the route for participants of average fitness can be from 10 to 16 km. If a two-day hike is planned, then it is advisable to choose a bivouac site 5-7 km from the beginning of the route. On the second day of the hike, you can plan 14-20 km. After choosing a route, its features are studied: the terrain, the nearest settlements, the presence of roads and trails, natural obstacles, forests, rivers, sights, historical monuments, museums. The possibilities of approaching the beginning of the route and leaving at its end are determined.
The main form of marching formation of tourists is in a column one at a time. The leader goes first, followed by the weakest participants. One of the neat tourists is appointed as the last one. The trailer must not leave anyone behind him. The distance between participants should be 1.5-2 meters. The first halt is recommended to be done 10-15 minutes after the start of the movement to adjust (if necessary) equipment and shoes. In the future, halts for 10 minutes are recommended to be done every 45-50 minutes of movement. Places for them are chosen in a dry picturesque place in the shade. Backpacks are removed, several exercises are given for the arms, shoulder girdle and torso. Participants sit or lie down so that their legs are higher (on a backpack or stump). The average walking speed is 3-4 km/h, i.е. The group spends 15-20 minutes to cover one kilometer. At the same time, the speed of movement depends on the terrain, weather conditions and the preparedness of the group. The weight of the carried load can be from 5-7 kg (girls 10-12 years old) to 12-16 kg (boys 12-15 years old). If the weight of the cargo (cargo equipment) is much more than recommended, then it should be delivered to certain sections of the route in advance.
Travel hazards can be spontaneous, unpredictable (thunderstorm, earthquake, collapse, etc.), but most often it is weather deterioration, poor-quality tourist equipment and equipment.
In the campaign, you must strictly adhere to the established daily routine: it is forbidden to linger for a long time at the fire in the evening; hang up at 22-24 hours, and wake up at 6-8 hours, depending on the work ahead. At night, alternate duty is established. The regulations are as follows: 2 people for 2-3 hours, always with adults. But, if the way back is not far, you can allow it, but it is better to lead the evening chant by the fire, which gives the children a lot of joy and pleasure.
Before leaving the halt, the whole group carefully cleans the territory. Garbage is burned, and the fire is filled with water. The leader and commanders check the work done and whether anything has been forgotten.
Route selection, driving order and precautions:
1. When choosing a route, you need to avoid large open areas. The best way would be a path. On the highway, you need to move along the side of the road on the left side towards the oncoming traffic.
2. Crossing the river is a great danger. You can cross by boats and by ferry, but avoid fording. Swimming is strictly prohibited.
3. During a thunderstorm, you don’t have to run in the field, but it’s better to find shelter in a dry hole, a ditch, carry all metal objects a few meters away, lie down and cover yourself with a raincoat. In the forest, do not hide under tall trees. Free-standing oak, poplar, spruce, pine are especially dangerous (lightning rarely strikes birch and maple).
4. On the way, follow the tired participant, take care and help him.
5. Stick to the approved itinerary and trek plan, avoiding deviations from them without good reason.
6. Strictly adhere to the established rules for bathing children. The head personally checks the bathing place and is always with the guys during the bathing.
7. Observe sanitary and hygienic rules. Do not allow drinking unboiled water (with the exception of proven wells and springs). Explain to participants that excessive drinking causes profuse sweating, excretion of salts, and this in turn causes fatigue. Carefully check the quality of food products (meat, sausage, fish, canned food, mushrooms). Do not allow cooking in galvanized utensils (buckets, cans should be poured, aluminum).
8. Not allowed to move bareheaded, without a shirt to avoid sun and heat stroke. Immediately provide first aid to the sick and injured, and if necessary, contact the doctor of the nearest settlement.
9. A tourist never does anything alone. Do not lag behind the group and unauthorized absences.
10. Notify the ALL (school) about the course of the hike and the condition of the participants from pre-established points. However, this is not always possible. Then you should agree on the arrival at the agreed time and place of someone from the camp in a camp car.
11. The head is obliged to ensure the safety of property and collected materials.
Chapter 1. Characteristics of tourism as a means of physical education
Tourism in the USSR serves as an important means for the harmonious development of the working masses, strengthening their health, and educating modern man as an active builder of a communist society. The relevance of the development of tourism as a socio-social phenomenon is emphasized in the decisions of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU, where it is named among other means designed to protect and strengthen the health of Soviet people, to provide meaningful leisure for the country's population. In the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions "On the further development and improvement of the tourist and excursion business in the country" (December 1980), a special role in the development of tourism is assigned to sports organizations. In the same sense, the importance of tourism as one of the most widespread and accessible means of physical improvement of Soviet people at the present stage of the development of society was also noted in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the further rise in the mass character of physical culture and sports" (September 1981).
Such attention to tourism is not accidental. One of the provisions of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of the development of society is the education of comprehensively developed builders of communism, which provides for the need for a person to participate in various fields of activity in order to improve their abilities in many ways to meet social needs. The use of tourism as an active means of educating a personality makes it possible to positively influence the formation of skills and abilities vital for a person, the improvement of his motor abilities, the development of moral-volitional and intellectual qualities. In addition, tourism involves the participation of those involved in it in a variety of socially useful affairs.
Physical education in our country, an indispensable component of communist education, is inextricably linked with the formation of man as the builder of communist society. Therefore, all means, forms and methods of the Soviet system of physical education should be aimed at ensuring the dialectical relationship of physical education with the practice of labor and defense activities of a person, at the health-improving orientation of measures for its physical improvement, at educating a person as a comprehensively harmoniously developed personality. From what has been said, it is clear that tourism cannot be considered as short-term entertainment, as an end in itself to satisfy, first of all, the personal interests of a person, in isolation from mental, labor, moral and aesthetic education.
As practice has shown, it is impossible to achieve proper physical perfection in the general long-term system of physical education of a person only by means of tourism. Tourism brings a certain benefit only in conjunction with other means of this system: games, gymnastics, sports.
Tourism in the Soviet system of physical education is singled out as a special group, since it allows, to the greatest extent, in comparison with other types, to master the knowledge, skills and abilities that every person needs in life.
Thus, tourism as a means of physical education is characterized by natural application. It includes various in form and content motor actions for the rational overcoming of significant distances in a sparsely populated area, performed in natural conditions by collective efforts. Their goal is to develop in a person the skills and abilities necessary for him in industrial, military and household activities, with the simultaneous solution of educational, educational, recreational and sports tasks. In addition, active tourism with a sports orientation, due to the fulfillment of the mandatory requirements for the management of categorical trips in accordance with the Unified All-Union Sports Classification, makes it possible to form and improve the organizational abilities of a person.
Educational, educational, health and sports tasks in tourism belong to the category of general tasks, i.e. their solution is carried out in close unity and does not depend on the age and degree of special physical fitness of those involved. For example, during a campaign, the educational task is solved directly by the influence of the collective on each participant, i.e., a sense of collectivism is formed, personal interests are subordinated to the public; in addition, the duration of movement in field conditions, the gradual increase in physical activity bring up the endurance and strong-willed qualities of a person.
Simultaneously with the educational task in the campaign, the educational one is also solved. This refers to the consolidation of knowledge in local history, natural history, topography, obtained by those involved before the campaign, that is, in this case, the theory is supported by practice. In field conditions, knowledge on the method of formation of motor skills and abilities is also improved.
The health problem is solved by means of a properly organized schedule for the passage of the route in compliance with the optimal regime of physical activity and outdoor activities, the use of the beneficial effects of natural factors on all body functions, and the observance of the rules of personal and public hygiene. Periodic switching to tourism for people who regularly engage in recreational jogging or swimming makes it possible to eliminate the undesirable consequences of a person's adaptation to physical activity. Adaptation is due to the fact that as a result of a long standard performance of the same physical load, the process of the appearance of new adaptive shifts (reorganizations) in the body stops. In this case, a temporary reorientation of a person to a slightly different type of activity is needed, but also associated with certain physical exertion. Periodic tourism activities of a person involved in physical culture, to a large extent, contribute to maintaining his body at a sufficiently high level of physical fitness.
In general, with regard to sports tasks in tourism, three points should be noted. Firstly, tourism contributes to the creation of a base for general physical fitness, which is necessary in any sport. Secondly, they provide for special training for participation in competitions in tourist equipment. Thirdly, tourist trips are regulated by the Unified All-Union Sports Classification, which, in turn, requires appropriate sports training for their participants, i.e., sports classification contributes to the implementation of the principle of maximum loads in tourism.
Private tasks in tourism are associated with special preparation for a particular trip, depending on its purpose. For example, trips to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the CPSU and the Soviet people require special preparatory work in choosing a route full of historical monuments and memorials. In this case, it requires the study of many literary sources in order to obtain information about the historical events taking place in the area of the proposed campaign. On the route, this information should be supplemented as a result of the directed search work of the participants. The search for archival documents after the campaign largely contributes to the creation of more holistic ideas about the significance of certain historical events. Thus, trips to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the CPSU and the Soviet people are aimed at the military-patriotic education of young people. Educational tourist trips require appropriate conditions for conducting training sessions on the technique and tactics of tourism, choosing a place and arranging bivouacs, cooking, i.e. they solve the problem of developing such skills among the participants, which in the future will help them independently organize and conduct tourist events .
Complex categorical trips are associated with long-term preliminary preparation of their participants. Some difficult hikes are carried out in order to test the tourist equipment. In individual tourist expeditions, national economic problems are solved (study of glaciers, flora and fauna in hard-to-reach areas, compilation and refinement of maps, meteorological observations).
In order for tourism to fully meet its goals and objectives, orderly ideas about it as a phenomenon are necessary. We are talking about the theoretical, organizational and methodological aspects of tourism. They are united into a single whole by the subject "Tourism and teaching methods".
Tourism as a phenomenon is a kind of system of events in which it is necessary to distinguish between ideological, natural science, scientific and methodological, organizational, managerial and program-normative foundations as components.
Tourism in our country serves communist ideals, the struggle for their practical implementation, therefore the ideological basis of tourism in the USSR is the Marxist-Leninist ideas of building socialism and communism. The methodology for studying tourism as one of the means of communist education of Soviet people is based on the Marxist-Leninist theory of knowledge of the surrounding reality.
The natural-science foundations of tourism suggest the rationale for the healing effect when doing it. The study of the morphological and functional reorganizations of the human body in the process of tourism makes it possible to solve the issues of age periodization of those involved, rational nutrition on a hike, personal and public hygiene, life support in hikes with extreme conditions, adaptability to mountain conditions, the formation of hypoxic resistance, acclimatization of the body, etc. In this case, through the disciplines of the biomedical cycle (physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, hygiene and sports medicine), it seems possible to fundamentally study the impact of various types and forms of tourism on the human body.
The scientific and methodological foundations of tourism include the rationale for classes in tourist groups and sections as a controlled pedagogical process. An important place here is given to explaining the methods of teaching tourist techniques, as well as the methods of training qualified tourists. Various aspects of tourist training (physical, theoretical, tactical, technical, moral-volitional) are also considered. The scientific and methodological foundations of tourism should reflect the rationale for tourism activities in terms of the patriotic education of people, classification and many other issues.
Organizational and managerial bases of tourism include management bodies, personnel and material base. The organizational structure of development in the country of amateur tourism is shown in fig. one.
Rice. 1. Organizational and managerial structure of amateur tourism
In general, the main function of organizing tourism work in the country is assigned to the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. This body and its local subdivisions (republican, regional and regional councils) are called upon to create conditions for involving the general population in tourism. The Central Council solves the issues of planning and financing mass tourist work in the country, economic support (construction, reconstruction and improvement) of tourist bases, management of planned and amateur tourism. Tourist and excursion work, carried out mainly by the system of tourism and excursion councils, has three main areas: excursion work, planned tourist routes and mass amateur tourism. Excursion work is carried out by specialized divisions of councils - travel and excursion agencies. Planned tourist routes are operated by tourist bases of tourism and excursion councils, as well as departmental (for example, army). The Central Council for Tourism and Excursions approves the classifications of routes for amateur hikes and trips on the territory of the USSR developed by the All-Union Tourism Federation, and other guiding documents. Republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions organize tourism work on the ground, approve tourist and excursion routes. Councils for tourism and excursions pay great attention to the preparation of methodological materials for mass tourist work at enterprises, institutions, educational institutions, collective farms, state farms, and the holding of scientific and practical conferences for the exchange of experience. Representatives of trade union and Komsomol organizations, DSO, DOSAAF, etc. are involved in tourism and excursion councils on a voluntary basis. development of sports classification of tourism, training of special personnel).
For the methodological management of the activities of tourist sections and clubs of tourists as the primary links of mass tourist work, city (district) tourist clubs of tourism and excursion councils are being created.
The state bodies carrying out work on tourism should include the ministries of education, higher and secondary specialized education, state committees for vocational education. These bodies are responsible for the physical education of young students, which includes tourism as an obligatory component. So, in the system of the Ministry of Education, under the departments of public education, stations for young tourists were created, designed to organize mass tourist work with students of general education schools. One of the main forms of this work is the annual All-Union Tourist Expedition of the Pioneers "My Motherland - the USSR". Many schools and the Palaces of Pioneers have tourist sections that, in parallel with the organization of classes, carry out search and research work to study the natural resources, history, economy and culture of their native places during tourist trips. As a result of this work, museums of military, labor and revolutionary glory of the CPSU and the Soviet people were created in schools and Pioneer Palaces. The All-Union tourist expedition of Soviet youth "My Motherland - the USSR" is also carried out by the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.
The public bodies governing amateur tourism are the federations of tourism (All-Union, republican, regional, regional, in the city of Moscow - city) and the tourism federation of the SSO of trade unions and departmental physical culture and sports organizations. The main questions of the activity of the federations are decided by the councils of the federations, where members of the councils of lower tourist organizations, as well as a number of departmental and public organizations send their representatives. Federation Council meetings are held at least once every 2 years. To manage the work of the federations in the periods between meetings of the councils, the presidiums of the federations of tourism are elected for a period of 5 years.
The Presidium of the Tourism Federation includes a chairman and his deputies, as well as members responsible for the activities of commissions by type of tourism (pedestrian, ski, mountain, water, bicycle, automoto, speleotourism) and commissions by sections of work (sports and technical or route - qualification, educational and methodological, coaching council, board of judges, for the promotion of tourism, the All-Union campaign, etc.).
Boards of clubs serve as public bodies of city (district) tourist clubs. The work of tourist sections or clubs of tourists of physical culture groups is managed by the bureau of sections or boards of clubs, respectively elected by the general meetings of tourists.
The structure of public management of amateur tourism provides a solution to a wide range of methodological, organizational, sports and technical issues of the development of mass amateur tourism.
The program-normative foundations of tourism are called upon to determine the direction, nature and content of tourism work in accordance with the goals arising from the decisions of the party and the state on the education of Soviet people. All physical education programs in force in the country (regardless of the age they cover) include requirements for mastering tourism skills. The scope of these requirements is determined at least by the TRP complex. As stimulating prerequisites for involving the broad masses of the population in tourism, one should also name the standards for the badges "Young Tourist", "Tourist of the USSR", sports categories and titles of the Unified All-Union Sports Classification (section "Sports Tourism"). All of them as a whole represent a kind of system of increasing scientifically substantiated level characteristics in mastering tourist skills and abilities. This system allows, in parallel with the solution of upbringing, educational and health-improving tasks, consistently, taking into account the age of those involved, to develop in combination with other means of the Soviet system of physical education the necessary motor qualities, skills and abilities in human life, to objectively assess the achieved level of their development, to determine and regulate main directions, forms and methods of tourist work.
The system of level characteristics of tourist skills determines the stages of tourist preparation. So, the first stage of initial training includes participation in weekend hikes (PVD), specified by the requirements of the TRP complex. Small in length (for schoolchildren 11-12 years old - 5-6 km, 13-14 years old - 12 km, 15-17 years old - 20-25 km, for adults 18-39 years old - 20 km, 40-60 years old - 15 km) one-day hiking trips are aimed at giving an idea about tourism, the skills and abilities necessary for each person for successful movement and orientation in the area, organizing a bivouac and eating in hiking conditions. The improvement of these skills and abilities is achieved with further tourism activities with the fulfillment of the requirements for the badges "Young Tourist" (for schoolchildren) and "Tourist of the USSR".
The Regulations on the All-Union GTO Physical Culture Complex provide that weekend trips can be carried out on foot, on skis, rowing boats, bicycles (in the latter case, the length of the route is doubled compared to other modes of transportation).
Regulatory requirements for the "Young Tourist" badge provide for the participation of young tourists in 4 weekend trips - 2 one-day and 2 two-day trips with the organization of an overnight stay in the field in one of the two-day trips.
The regulation on the "USSR Tourist" badge stipulates that persons who have reached the age of 14 and have a doctor's permission are allowed to pass the standards. The badge is awarded to tourists who participated during the year in one or more hikes with a total duration of at least 5 days and a total duration of at least: 75 km on foot or skiing; 100 km by boats, kayaks, rafts, catamarans: 150 km by bicycles or horses; 500 km on motorcycles; 1000 km on cars.
In conditions of rugged mountainous terrain for hiking and skiing, it is allowed to reduce the length of the route by 15 km. In motorcycle and car tourism, the trip is counted only for drivers.
Regulatory requirements for the "USSR Tourist" badge are fulfilled both by amateur groups and by tourists walking along the planned routes of tourist bases, on a number of which, in addition to traditional walking, mountain, skiing and water, horseback and bicycle routes have been introduced. For schoolchildren, the fulfillment of the norms for the “USSR Tourist” badge is allowed for two years and only with the consecutive passage of 5 one- and two-day hikes with a total duration of at least 5 days and the total length indicated above. When making hiking trips in the summer, participants are required to have at least 2 field overnight stays.
Thus, the regulatory requirements for the "USSR Tourist" badge provide for two options: either one trip lasting 5 days and the length of the route indicated above for various modes of transportation (such trips are called multi-day non-categorical trips), or several weekend trips of the same total duration and length of routes .
The significance of the regulatory requirements for the badge "Tourist of the USSR" primarily lies in the fact that they form the basis of the second stage of initial tourist training and create the prerequisites for preparing for categorical (sports) hiking trips. That is why the badge "Tourist of the USSR" is an integral part of the category requirements for tourism (III sports category for tourism is assigned only if there is a badge).
The category requirements for tourism, included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification in their current form (i.e., with the division of sports tourist trips into five categories in accordance with increasing complexity) in 1965 and which have not undergone any significant changes over a twenty-year period, based on the "accumulative principle". This principle is implemented in the "Rank requirements" in the form of a table "Number of trips and trips". The conditions for fulfilling the category requirements stipulate that a sports category in tourism is assigned for a certain number of trips of one or another category of complexity, made as a leader or participant. An important positive value of the "accumulative principle" is that, together with the "Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and trips on the territory of the USSR", it ensures the implementation of the most significant principle in matters of ensuring security - consistency and gradualness (from simple to complex) in accumulation tourist experience.
Sports tourist trips begin with trips of the 1st category of complexity for all types of tourism included in the classification, and already at this, the first stage, the length of the routes is 1.5-2 times higher than the length of the routes for the badge "USSR Tourist" with a slight change in the duration of the trip (6 days).
A further increase in the complexity categories of tourist trips from I to V is characterized not only by a consistent increase in the duration of the trip (from 6 to 16 days) and the length of the routes (which for the V category of complexity is 1.5-2 times the length of the routes of the I category), but also by a consistent an increase in the technical complexity of routes, determined by the number and quality of natural obstacles taken into account.
Thus, the division of hikes into categories of complexity is based on three features: the duration of the hike, the length and technical complexity of the route. The first two parameters (according to the classification minimum) are set by the category requirements. The third, most significant, is established by the method of expert assessments, taking into account the number and technical complexity of natural obstacles. In this case, the analogy method is used, which is carried out in practice with the help of reference routes for all types of tourism and all categories of complexity included in the "List of classified tourist routes". This document, which is thus an integral part of the tourism sports classification, includes not only examples of classified (reference) tourist routes, but also an explanation of the principles of route classification, a classification table of route parameters and tables that determine the maximum category of difficulty in each type of tourism with differentiation them in the tourist regions of the USSR.
The "accumulative principle", introduced into the category requirements for tourism as a single and universal one both for the requirements for categories and for the requirements for the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR", by the beginning of the 80s, begins to lose the role of a stimulating and organizing factor in the development of sports tourism, in improving teaching methods, sports training, monitoring the physical and technical fitness of participants in sports trips, in attracting young people to active sports tourism. Thus, the undoubted significance of the "cumulative principle" in the development of an athlete-tourist from III to I category at the level of higher sports training turned into its opposite, and since 1986 the "accumulative principle" has been preserved in the category requirements for sports tourism up to the category "Candidate for Master of Sports" inclusive, and the requirements for the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR" introduced the point principle, and "master points" must include points obtained at the championships of the USSR, union republics, cities of Moscow and Leningrad.
"Cumulative points" for participating in hikes and managing them in accordance with the category requirements for sports tourism allow you to complete the III category when participating in a hike of the I category of complexity (c. c.), II category - when participating in hikes of I and II c. . and leadership of the campaign I to. (with the right to replace the last one with participation in the campaign III k.s.), I category - with participation in campaigns I-IV k.s. and management of campaigns I, II, III k. (with the right to replace the latter with participation in hikes III, IV, V class, respectively) (Guidance of hikes III class - only for men), category "Candidate for Master of Sports" - when participating in hikes up to V class . inclusive (men and women) and leadership of campaigns up to IV class. inclusive - men, up to III class. inclusive - women.
To obtain the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR" with the issued category "Candidate for Master of Sports", both "accumulative" and "competitive" points are required. Instructor's work (management of educational and training trips with elements of the IV and V grades) also counts.
Championships of the USSR, union republics, zones of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR, cities of Moscow and Leningrad, giving the right to receive "competitive points" (at least 5 points for men and 3 points for women are required), for the first time included in the category requirements for sports tourism by a decree of the USSR State Committee on physical culture and sports of April 18, 1986
Such an approach to the category requirements for the title of Master of Sports of the USSR in sports tourism, while maintaining all the positive aspects of the "cumulative principle", significantly increases the importance of sports tourism competitions at all levels (starting from the tourist gathering of the physical culture team) as an important link in the system of sports training and control preparedness of participants of sports tourist trips.
The main guiding document that regulates the procedure for organizing, conducting and summing up tourist trips is the "Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and trips on the territory of the USSR." This document, approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions, is mandatory for guidance and execution for all organizations conducting tourism activities, regardless of their departmental affiliation. Hereinafter, for brevity, this document will be referred to as the "Rules". The main goals and objectives of the "Rules", as well as other guiding documents on amateur tourism, are to require maximum security for participants in hiking trips.
The "Rules" contain 6 sections: "General provisions", "Procedure for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips", "Documentation for trips and trips", "Requirements for organizations conducting trips", "Requirements for the leader of the trip, his duties and rights", "Obligations and rights of participants in hiking trips".
The first section defines the goals and objectives of amateur hiking trips; it is indicated that the organization and conduct of tourist trips with students of general education schools are regulated by the Instruction of the Ministry of Education of the USSR; it is established that all tourist trips are divided into weekend trips, which are an integral part of the maintenance of the All-Union GTO sports complex, multi-day non-category trips, giving the right to be awarded the "USSR Tourist" badge, and trips of IV categories of complexity, which allow fulfilling the regulatory requirements of the Unified All-Union Sports Classification for tourism.
The categories of complexity of amateur tourist routes, which determine the entire system of sports classification for tourism, are established by route-qualification commissions that have the appropriate authority for this.
The second section contains a list of organizations that have been granted the right to organize and conduct tourist trips and trips (conducting organizations), as well as the procedure for recruiting a tourist group.
It should be emphasized that the requirements of the "Rules" on the quantitative and qualitative composition of tourist groups, as well as special attention to the previous tourist experience of the leaders and participants of category trips, are due to concern for the safety of tourists and the preservation of their health. The principle of consistency and gradualness in the accumulation of tourist experience, including special (cross-country, high-altitude, experience of winter overnight stays in the field), the principle of advanced experience of participating in a hike before leading it - the dominant provisions of the "Rules". Requirements for the previous experience of participants and leaders are interpreted by the "Rules" differentiation.
The general requirement for participants in a hiking trip is to have experience of hiking the previous category of complexity in the same type of tourism or the corresponding and specifically defined by the "Rules" experience of hiking in other types of tourism (this applies only to hiking, skiing and mountain tourism). The general requirement is the availability of the appropriate pass and high-altitude experience.
In the considered section of the "Rules" (subsection "Assembling a tourist group"), requirements are formulated both for the size of the group and for the experience of the participants in the trip. In addition, it is established that tourists, in accordance with the "Rules", must have a certain level of knowledge, skills and abilities in order to participate in hikes: leaders and participants of multi-day non-categorical hikes and hikes of the I category of complexity - in the scope of the program of the second stage of initial tourist training; leaders and participants of hikes II-III categories of complexity - in the volume of the program of average tourist training; leaders and participants of the hike IV-V categories of complexity - in the scope of the program of higher tourist training.
To this it must be added that, in accordance with the Regulations on the All-Union TRP Sports Complex, the organization and conduct of hikes are entrusted to a leader who has mandatory training at least in the scope of the "Tourist Organizer" program (corresponds to the "Initial Tourist Training "A" program) and an age that allows you to have the right to lead hikes in accordance with the "Rules".
The third section establishes the procedure for issuing a route sheet for weekend trips and non-category trips, application and route documents for categorical trips.
The fourth section establishes a list of issues that must be resolved by the conducting organization during the organization and preparation of the trip. The same section also defines the responsibility of the organization conducting the trip for ensuring the safety of its participants.
The fifth section sets out the requirements for the leader of the campaign, his duties and rights. The general requirement for the leaders of tourist trips is the experience of participating in a trip for this type of tourism at least one category of complexity higher than the declared route, and the experience of leading a trip for the same type of tourism of the previous category of complexity.
The sixth section sets out the duties and rights of participants in hiking and travel.
As already mentioned, one of the most important points of the "Rules" is the provision requiring strict adherence to the principle of consistency and gradualness in the acquisition of tourist experience, determined by previously made as a leader or participant in hikes of one or another category of complexity in this type of tourism. The "Rules" establish that all categorical hikes are divided into five consecutive categories of difficulty - from I to V. The categories of complexity of tourist routes are set by tourism federations, guided by considerations to ensure the safety of participants (the principle of matching the experience of the leader and participants to the planned route), as well as sports qualification requirements.
Performed
physical culture teacher
MBOU "Secondary school with. Ivanovka"
Rezanova Elena Nikolaevna
2016
Tourism is an important component of extracurricular sports activities. Every year active tourism in Russia becomes more and more popular. Active tourism is a low-cost and highly effective technology for the formation of high spiritual and physical principles in a person. Its popularity among segments of the population is explained by the huge recreational potential of the country's natural resources, high health-improving ability and the need of a certain part of the population for some risk. Participation in hiking trips contributes to the development of such qualities as personal initiative and mutual assistance, perseverance, willpower and high discipline. The greatest health benefits come from those types of tourism that use active vehicles. Hiking and skiing and traveling help to improve the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increase the body's resistance to diseases, and strengthen muscles. Staying in the open air, exposure to the sun and dosed physical activity, a variety of impressions during travel normalize the activity of the central nervous system, restore working capacity.
The term "tourism" is first found in English sources of the early 19th century and denotes an excursion or journey that ends with a return to the place where the journey began. Unfortunately, this term is not extremely clear and successful, besides, it does not adequately reflect the meaning and essence of tourism. Tourism is an extremely valuable means of physical education and active recreation of a person in nature.
Tourism is excursions, hikes and travels in which active recreation is combined with cognitive and educational goals. According to the purpose and forms of tourism, tourism is divided into planned (excursion) and amateur.
With planned tourism, participants travel by bus, plane, boat, train on pre-planned routes, stay at hotels or camp sites, where they are provided with accommodation, meals, and excursion services.
In amateur tourism, travel is built wholly or partly on self-service. Here, tourists themselves plan the route and method of transportation, provide their own food, lodging and resting place, outline objects for inspection. In the course of physical education for students of secondary specialized educational institutions, training sessions on amateur tourism and the implementation of the standards of the TRP complex are provided.
School tourism is understood as the tourist and local history activities of students, which go beyond the scope of curricula and are organized by the school and out-of-school institutions in order to ensure the pedagogically expedient use of their extracurricular time. The definition of A.A. Ostapets seems to be more complete. (1985), who sees youth tourism as a means of harmonious development. (Kokorov Yu.M. 1980).
Tourism is the most complex type of education of a healthy, hardened person. He teaches friendship, diligence, discipline, initiative, mutual assistance. Tourism broadens one's horizons, enriches one's spiritual life, and is an excellent means of understanding the beauty of nature. It helps in choosing a profession, has a positive effect on the student's body.
Tourism as a means of physical education.
(Vyatkin L. A., Sidorchuk E. V., Nemytov D. N. 2001). Tourism as a means of physical education creates the most favorable conditions for the improvement of children. In tourist trips, the motor actions studied in physical education lessons (overcoming obstacles, water obstacles, climbing, walking, etc.) are directly applied, the knowledge acquired in geography, biology, astronomy lessons sounds in a new way.
Tourism is a means of enriching the life experience of students, acquaintance with various professions, a means of understanding the beauty of nature.
Overcoming difficulties in the campaign instills in them a sense of collectivism, teaches them to rise above personal likes and dislikes, to be sensitive to each other, merciless to violators of discipline and order. The hike will help to better understand and study the nature of each child, establish trusting relationships between teachers and students, satisfy the need for novelty, adventure, romance.
In 1972, for the first time, a hiking trip and orienteering competitions were included in the TRP complex.
Recently, more and more amateur hikes and trips are being carried out, the number of their participants is increasing.
More than 21 thousand routes have been laid across the country along the native land, to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory. 20 million amateur tourists go hiking along these routes every year. More than 2,000 tourist clubs, about 67,000 tourist sections, physical culture groups of the DSO have been created in the country.
Circles and sections train badges and dischargers, as well as junior tourism instructors, assistant hikers. The circles are led by teachers of the school or employees of the station for young tourists. A school amateur camp can be organized as a tourist, sports or labor and recreation camp. The task of these camps is the same: health promotion, education of labor skills, moral and physical qualities. But depending on the purpose, tourism, sports or socially useful work may come to the fore.
Gathering competitions are given as a review of tourism work for the past academic year. By order of the director, the head of the rally-competition, the head of the marching groups are appointed, the position and the judicial team are approved.
The rally should be held in two days. On the day before the day off, after the lessons, the groups go by their routes to the place of the competition, and having arrived there, they set up tents, prepare dinner, in the evening a review of the amateur performances of all teams is held around the fire. Sunday is dedicated to competitions for grades 5-7 and grades 8-11, which are held separately and summing up the results of the rally-competition.
Tourist evenings are one form of sports evenings. Photo exhibitions about hikes are being prepared for them, stands are being arranged, badges are awarded to children who have increased their level in tourism, and activists are encouraged.
Excursion and tourism work as a spectacular form of education is a mandatory form of extracurricular work with students of all ages and is included in the annual plan of the school and the class teacher. Periodic reports of class teachers serve as an effective form of control. The success of the organization of mass tourism work depends on the head of the school.
The impact of tourism on human health.
In our technical age, hypodynamia appeared - a violation of body functions due to lack of movement. In the presence of transport, especially in the city, many deprive themselves of the opportunity to walk. No need to carry water - there is running water, no need to prepare firewood - a gas or electric stove will solve this problem. According to the Research Institute of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, school physical education lessons - twice a week for 45 minutes - provide only 11% of the motor activity necessary for the development of a growing child's body. Extra-curricular and out-of-school physical culture and sports, including tourism, are designed to fill this gap. Active movements in the fresh air contribute to the hardening of the body and improve health. Walking with a load and a dosed load strengthens the cardiovascular system. Tourism contributes to the education of curiosity, strong-willed qualities. Acquaintance with new areas, nature, meeting people enrich a person. Camping life develops observation, intelligence, courage, determination, independence. Many prominent figures of science and culture associate their holidays with tourism.
The value of tourism for the formation of vital skills and abilities.
Camping life teaches a lot. One teacher suggested evaluating physical education classes based on how they affect the health of students and how they contribute to the acquisition of life skills. What is useful and vitally necessary for classes? On a hiking trip, you will certainly learn to carry weights: a backpack is the main teacher in this. You will learn to help an injured comrade: make a stretcher and drag from improvised means, overcome any obstacles. A tourist is not worried about the lack of a roof over his head - he will be able to organize his overnight stay. Out of products? Not scary! The tourist knows edible mushrooms and plants. He is not afraid of the possibility of getting lost: knowing how to navigate the terrain using local objects, stars, the sun, a compass, he will confidently find the right path. Tourists are not afraid of either cold or heat. He has a saying: "There is no bad weather if you have good equipment." What a man with a backpack can do! Most importantly, having learned and seen a lot, you love your land, your land more strongly and learn to defend it. This was proved, for example, by mountaineer tourists in the Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War and tourists joining the detachments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES).
Tourism occupies a fundamental place in the educational work of vocational schools, in the upbringing of the younger generation.
Tourist activity contributes to the formation of an active life position of a young person. Tourism is only a valuable means of physical education and active recreation of a person in nature. On hiking trips, students harden their bodies, improve their health, develop endurance, strength and other physical properties, acquire applied skills and abilities to navigate the terrain, overcome natural obstacles, self-service, and other special conditions for tourist activities contribute to the education of the moral qualities of a person: mutual support, mutual assistance , organization and discipline, adherence to principles, sensitivity and attention to comrades, courage, stamina and courage, a sense of duty and responsibility, great organizational qualities.
Tourist flights.
(Balabin M.A. 1988). Mass tourist events, rallies and competitions are very popular in the physical education teams of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions. Their main attractive force is that they include elements of both individual and team competitions, and competition always attracts young people.
Considering the availability and popularity of rallies and competitions, one should always strive for their mass character. The tourism section or club of tourists will only achieve its functions when tourism events are held regularly, with the involvement of a large number of participants.
In practice, work on the development of amateur tourism in a physical education team begins with various tourist competitions on a simplified obstacle course. As the experience of the bureau of the tourist section is accumulated, it is possible to gradually complicate the competition program, thus creating conditions for improving amateur tourism: Having achieved some success in holding competitions and stabilizing the refereeing staff, you can move on to holding more complex complex and thematic mass tourist events. (The role of tourist all-around in the development of sports and health tourism in the periphery, TiPFC No. 6, 2003).
All tourist rallies and competitions in the physical education team of an enterprise, institution, educational institution are held in their free time from work or study, on weekends and holidays.
The success of mass events depends entirely on the quality of preparation for them. And effective preparation can only be when qualified and experienced tourist, Komsomol and trade union activists are involved in it, all preparatory work is clearly planned and constant monitoring is carried out for their timely implementation.
Preparations for a rally or competition should begin a few months before they are held. This should be done by the commission for rallies and competitions. She develops a draft Regulation on the rally or competition, their program, selects candidates for the organizing committee. If there is no such commission, then the bureau of the tourist section deals with all organizational issues under the guidance of the council of the physical education team and with the direct participation of the Komsomol committee.
All links involved in the preparation must work harmoniously and amicably. To coordinate their activities, an organizing committee or headquarters is created. It should include representatives of the trade union and Komsomol committees, the council of the physical education team. Usually this is the chairman of the tourist section, representatives of the transport company and medical institution, if they are in the team, the chief judge of the rally or competition. The committee may also include representatives of other interested organizations.
Education in a tourist trip.
(Krnstantinov Yu.S. 2006). "Entrance" to the tourist group should always be free for everyone, except for those who, for health reasons, are contraindicated in large physical exertion. You can not refuse admission to either "difficult" or unsuccessful. Of course, the influence of children on each other in a tourist group is inevitable, and bad examples can be contagious here, but this is not a reason not to take "difficult" schoolchildren on hikes. It has long been proven by practice that hiking trips are very conducive to correcting character flaws, the behavior of poorly educated children, and deepening the cognitive interests of children who are lagging behind in their studies.
In general, when people unite for a common cause, their understanding of the essence, meaning, and tasks of this cause may be different. For example, a schoolchild, knowing that the group plans to conduct trips to places of military glory or to study small rivers, may actually dream of sitting with friends around an evening fire, chatting, baking potatoes, fishing. There is nothing to worry about - high goals and serious tasks will not appear overnight. The leader should help the children formulate the goal of the common cause, which, perhaps, will be born in a clash of opinions and interests in the team itself, and will not be introduced from the outside in finished form. The main thing is that young tourists are aware that a hike is not a one-time event, but the first step on an interesting, but also difficult path. Prospects can be different: studying the native land, accumulating technical, sports experience, receiving badges, categories and titles in tourism, winning tourist competitions at school and district rallies. The planned prospect will be the "highlight" to which all tourists will strive.
The work of young tourists, both during the preparation period and during the trip itself, is the basis of educational work. In terms of types, this work is extremely diverse, and in quantity it is significant. Camping work also has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account in order to achieve pedagogical goals. Firstly, the campaign objectively puts every person before the need to work. Here, as nowhere else, the expression “Who does not work, does not eat” fits. Secondly, work on a campaign is of a social nature, the work of one is necessary for all. Thirdly, in the process of work, students acquire vital skills (cooking in the field, making a fire in any weather, arranging camp life). And, finally, an amateur hike brings up organizational skills, develops initiative, efficiency, and activity. It is no coincidence that it is tourists who often head school self-government bodies.
As soon as a group of travel enthusiasts has crept up and settled down, it must be institutionalized: elect a group council, come up with a name, motto, emblem, and keep a diary (chronicle of campaigns).
Together with the leader, an initiative group created on a voluntary basis develops specific tasks for each future participant in the trip: selection of literature on the area of the upcoming trip, development of a route, purchase of tourist equipment, making campfire equipment, etc. It is important that all members of the group receive instructions without exception.
In the campaign, almost all of its participants receive a certain position (commander, treasurer, supply manager, etc.) and everyone is responsible to the team for doing their job. Giving students field duties is fundamentally different from the duties of students at school. For example, the head of the class and the leader of the group. The headman is responsible for his work only to the teacher, class teacher, and the group commander is responsible to the team, the order and discipline in the group depend on him. From the work of the supply manager for nutrition - full nutrition of the group, etc.
Some guys aspire to get some kind of position, but they are only listed as responsible for the case, but they do not do the job. At the same time, they strongly emphasize their leading position in the group. Another group commander will give the command: "Everyone go to the firewood!", And he himself is trying to stay away - he is the commander! Therefore, the distribution of positions in the group must be approached very carefully, and in the campaign, the leader must constantly monitor the work of officials.
(Krnstantinov Yu.S. 2006). The distribution of responsibilities in the group, the election of a permanent asset means that formally the creation of the team is completed. But whether this team will be combative, cohesive, able to overcome all the difficulties of the march and achieve the goal - this depends, first of all, on the pedagogical skills of the leader. His task is to help the children in making decisions, to teach them, to be a mentor, adviser, controller, but not to cross the line that destroys the independence of the children, reduces their responsibility for the implementation of the assigned work. The principal position of the educator is to do nothing for the children, remembering that it is in their own work that they can temper their character and acquire useful skills. The leader's position on this issue can be expressed as follows: "I'll go on a hike with you guys, but on the condition that you prepare it well and do everything yourself."
Students should be involved in solving even purely adult matters. Usually the head of the trip makes an estimate, but experienced teachers also involve the active of the group in this work. Students, along with the leader, make decisions on food during the campaign, on expenses for economic and cultural needs. Sometimes groups enter into an agreement with an organization or enterprise to perform common work in order to earn money for travel or other camping purposes. So children are involved in solving practical, vital questions for them. And the task of the leader is to support, prompt, demand, praise in time. Great help during the preparation of the trip can be provided by high school students who have been on multi-day trips, tourists who have graduated from school, and parents. Teachers of labor and home economics can be involved in the practical training of children.
We must strive to ensure that each participant in the campaign voluntarily and consciously fulfills his duties, so that the group has genuine, and not formal, self-government and self-service. The results of the assignments are discussed at the next meetings of the group, where conscientious and enterprising guys are noted, negligent ones are condemned. First of all, the guys themselves should evaluate the work of their comrades, which requires them to be honest and adhere to principles.
There should be a council (headquarters) in the marching group, which will include the main officials. Here the head has the right to list whom, in addition to the commander, he considers it necessary to include in the council. During the campaign, the council meets daily to resolve current technical, economic issues, summing up the day, approving the plan for the coming day, hears reports from the supply manager for food on providing the group with food, a report from the treasurer on the state of funds, etc. Questions of a pedagogical plan should also be brought to the council: the morale of the group and individual tourists, positive and negative aspects in the behavior of the participants in the campaign.
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22. Tourism in a rural school, physical education in school No. 5, 2005
Methodical development
Sports tourism as a means
physical education".
Completed by: Zamaraeva V.P.
additional education teacher
Table of contents
Introduction to the subject
The impact of sports tourism on human health
The Importance of Tourism for the Formation of Vital Skills and Skills
The place of sports tourism in the system of education of schoolchildren
The current situation in the field of sports tourism
Ecological education in hiking and sports tourism
Interdisciplinary connections in the study of the course of sports tourism
1. Introduction.
A man with a backpack on a country road or a difficult taiga path is a familiar character of modern life. Some make their way to the North Pole through snow and ice hummocks, others climb seemingly inaccessible mountain peaks, others descend into mysterious caves, others cross oceans alone, others walk continents on foot ... Who are these people? What drives them? Their name is wanderers, travelers, tourists.
The ability to live in the field and overcome the difficulties of camp life, to travel for the benefit of oneself and others, turning nature into one's friend and ally, must be taught.
In the Regulations on the system of training personnel in sports tourism of the Russian Federation, a clear system for training personnel of all categories has been developed - from organizers of sports tourism to instructors of international class sports tourism, who receive their specialties at courses and seminars. Those who want to work with a large army of tourist-schoolchildren usually graduate from the departments of physical culture of pedagogical universities and institutes.
Tourism is the most widespread form of active recreation and recreation for workers, one of the important means of raising children. While traveling, tourists get acquainted with the past and present of our Motherland, its natural resources, cultural monuments, perform socially useful work, recreate the pages of history associated with the military and labor exploits of our people, observe nature, protect it.
2. Influence of sports tourism on human health.
In our technical age, hypodynamia appeared - a violation of body functions due to lack of movement. In the presence of transport, especially in the city, many deprive themselves of the opportunity to walk. No need to carry water - there is running water, no need to harvest firewood - a gas or electric stove will solve this problem. According to the Research Institute of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, school physical education lessons - twice a week for 45 minutes - provide only 13% of the motor activity necessary for the development of a growing child's body. Extra-curricular and out-of-school physical culture and sports are designed to fill this gap. Active movements in the fresh air contribute to the hardening of the body and improve health. Walking with a load and a dosed load strengthens the cardiovascular system. Tourism contributes to the education of curiosity, strong-willed qualities. Acquaintance with new areas, nature, meeting people enrich a person. Camping life develops observation, intelligence, courage, determination, independence. Many prominent scientists associate their holidays with tourism.
3. The value of tourism for the formation of vital skills and abilities.
Camping life teaches a lot. One teacher suggested evaluating physical education classes based on how they affect the health of students and how they contribute to the acquisition of life skills. What is useful and vitally necessary for classes? On a hiking trip, you will certainly learn to carry weights: a backpack in this is the main teacher. You will learn to help an injured comrade: make a stretcher and drag from improvised means, overcome any obstacles. A tourist is not worried about the lack of a roof over his head - he will be able to organize his overnight stay. Out of products? Not scary! The tourist knows edible mushrooms and plants. He is not afraid of the possibility of getting lost: knowing how to navigate the terrain using local objects, stars, the sun, a compass, he will confidently find the right path. Tourists are not afraid of either cold or heat. He has a saying: "There is no bad weather if you have good equipment." What a man with a backpack can do! Most importantly, having learned and seen a lot, you love your land, your land more strongly and learn to defend it. This was proved, for example, by mountaineer tourists in the Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War and tourists joining the detachments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES).
4. The place of sports tourism in the system of education of schoolchildren.
A variety of forms of tourism, its positive impact on the human body allow it to be used as a means of physical education, starting from primary school age. Excursions, weekend hikes, power and category hikes are one of the methods of sports work.
In the program "Physical education with a health-improving orientation for students of rural primary schools with small grades" (Moscow, 1992), much attention is paid to tourism. From 1st to 4th grade out of 170 hours is allocated for tourism and 68 hours for orienteering. Twice a month it is recommended to hold a Tourist Day. For a teacher of physical education and class teachers who think about the health of children, this is a wide field for creative activity.
In the programs of general education schools in school-wide physical culture and sports events, monthly days of health and sports, intra-school competitions, a large place is given to tourism. Tourist rallies of various ranks have become a tradition.
Many class teachers end the school year with weekend hikes, involving their parents, former students, in their conduct. Camping trips become holidays of nature and health for children.
There is a system for organizing work on tourism with children. This work in the country is headed by the Center for Children and Youth Tourism under the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. It publishes a large amount of educational and methodological literature on tourism, organizes republican competitions not only for schoolchildren, but also for teachers.
Each region has a regional center for children and youth tourism. In rural and urban areas there are student creativity centers, tourist centers, tourist clubs. Teachers of additional education work with children on many types of tourism.
5. The current situation in the field of sports tourism.
Until 1990, amateur tourism as a social movement was realized through a system of tourist clubs at the councils for tourism and excursions at the level of the Union republics, territories, regions, administrative regions, tourist sections of large enterprises, institutions and educational institutions.
Work with children was carried out in the system of centers (sections) of youth tourism, which then numbered 120. They were financed by public education authorities.
At present, the former sports tourism management structures have largely ceased to exist. The state budget, the budget of trade unions and sports organizations have been significantly reduced, and in some places they do not provide any assistance to health and sports tourism at all.
The number of tourist clubs, which before 1990 was 700, has decreased to 150-200. Moreover, a significant number of clubs have lost their premises and are working on a voluntary basis. Territorial federations of sports tourism continue to operate on the basis of clubs as public organizations. 70 regional, regional republican organizations are included in the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (TSSR). It is informationally and methodically connected with the system of youth tourism (a structure of the Ministry of Education of Russia). The movement closely interacts locally with other sports and youth movements: climbing, scouting, military-patriotic, etc.
Despite all the economic difficulties in the country, sports and health tourism has passed the critical point of its fall, and a positive trend has been outlined in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture and tourism at all levels, as well as the initiative of the leaders of the federation and sports tourism clubs. The main reason for the beginning of the rise of the tourism industry is the desire of socially unprotected segments of the population to solve the problem of their recreation and a healthy lifestyle in a cheap and effective way. In the territorial state committees, there is a steady process of creating staff congratulations involved in the development of sports and health tourism.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations shows great interest in the tourist movement as a source of personnel and the scope of the latest equipment for action in extreme situations. Many of its staff members are masters of sports and sports tourism instructors. During the preparation of the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", joint activities of the Tourism Development Coordination Department of the State Committee of the Russian Tourism Federation and federal forestry services began to work on the development of tourism in national parks.
In recent years, the State Committee, together with the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia, has worked hard to develop the movement. A complete calendar of sports events is formed annually, a standard regulation on the club has been developed, a new classification of sports routes has been introduced, new category requirements have been developed, and a complete list of all regulatory documentation for sports tourism has been prepared.
6. Ecological education in hiking and sports tourism
You can hardly find a person who would refuse to visit nature, in the forest after a working week. Every year the forest acquires more and more recreational value. The word "recreation" in translation means rest or restoration of human strength. Tourists and orienteers are in direct contact with nature and the forest, often not thinking about the fact that this contact is not painless for nature. Due to the lack of proper knowledge, education, and a sense of responsibility among some travelers, tourist routes are often polluted, natural monuments are destroyed, and fires occur in forests.
In tourist trips, in orienteering sections, it is necessary to engage in environmental education.
It is necessary to make it clear to young tourists that nature is very fragile and requires careful treatment. Talking about the forest, you need to explain that a tree is a living organism that is born, lives, breathes, eats, reproduces, grows and dies. His body, like the human body, consists of cells and has various organs. All parts of the body of the tree are pierced by vessels through which juice with nutrients circulates like blood.
It is necessary to develop in children moral and ethical views on nature. It should be persistently explained to them that it is necessary to limit their needs when communicating with nature, emphasizing that the benefits that nature brings are common property.
It is necessary to educate young tourists an aesthetic attitude towards nature. It is necessary to treat nature with care not only because it contributes to our health, gives a forest shade, gives mushrooms, berries, provides industry with raw materials, is the basis of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and, in general, the source of all life. But also because harmony, strength, grace, perfection of forms, refinement of color have merged in it. It is necessary to touch the spiritual strings of a tourist, to awaken in him a love for the perfect, the sublime, the beautiful.
The teacher should draw the attention of the children to the numerous dangers that await all living things in nature, because often only one out of many thousands of fry turns into an adult handsome perch, only one seed out of millions grows into a snow-white beauty birch. And how easily it can be destroyed with a thoughtless attitude towards nature. Children need to be explained that disease, slow decay and drying out of the forest easily comes from, albeit minor, but repeated damage to the trunks with tourist axes and knives, opening the way to the plant's body for harmful fungi and insects, viral diseases.
From the noise of tourist receivers, animals go to remote areas. The receiver and tape recorder are enemies not only of animals, but also of plants, at least those that are pollinated by bumblebees, bees, beetles, because high-frequency sounds prevent these insects from rising into the air.
A leader by personal example, for example, when preparing for a campaign, can bring up the right attitude towards nature. Fire stands and tent pegs should be carried with you so that young trees are not cut down to make them. Young tourists should be able to choose a place for a fire so that it does not harm the environment, and a place for digging a "refrigerator" and a garbage pit so as not to damage the roots of plants. Collecting medicinal herbs with the guys (oregano, St. John's wort, mint, strawberry leaves, rose hips, etc.), you need to explain why you can’t tear everything in a row: parts of the plants are left for their restoration. Mushrooms are not pulled, but cut off, preserving the mycelium.
Tourists need to know a lot about bee colonies, gravedigger beetles, forest mice, ants in order to be imbued with love and respect for nature, to become not only its consumer, but also an assistant.
Of great educational importance is the work of putting tourist halts in order, their sanitary cleaning, garbage collection on the route (plastic bags, cans, plastic bottles), extinguishing an abandoned fire, restoring the anthill fence, cleaning springs.
The guys can be involved in helping animals in difficult winter times - teach them to prepare branch food, leave food for birds on halts (crumbs of bread, pieces of bacon, etc.).
In 1978, the Red Book of the USSR was published for the first time. It registered 598 rare and endangered species of animals and plants of our country. Species of animals and plants listed in the Red Book are subject to special protection throughout the country. Tourists need to be told about this book.
In the latest version of the Rules for Orienteering Competitions there is a section "Environmental Protection Measures". It says:
“1. The organizer and participants of the competition are obliged to comply with all environmental regulations in the area of the competition. FSO (Orienteering Federation) of Russia and local federations have the right, based on environmental considerations, to introduce restrictions in certain areas on the number of mass starts in one summer season, as well as on the maximum number of participants visiting one CP.
2. In the case of creating field camps to accommodate participants, all environmental and safety requirements must be met.”
7. Interdisciplinary connections in the study of the course of sports tourism.
Without knowing the anatomy, without knowing where a certain muscle is attached, what its functions are, it is impossible to accurately determine its role in a particular movement, to choose the right exercise for its development. Without studying anatomy, it is difficult to understand why the trainer-teacher does not allow his student to sit or stand after finishing the 100m, but advises him to walk or run slowly. But everything is very simple: while walking or running slowly, the muscles of the legs, contracting, drive venous blood to the heart. Rising from the lower extremities, the blood cannot go down due to the peculiar structure of the veins (the presence of "pockets"), as well as the action of the muscles. This means that the muscles contribute to the faster passage of blood through the systemic circulation, it quickly gets rid of carbon dioxide, is saturated with oxygen, and recovery occurs faster. Having learned about the role of diaphragmatic breathing, an athlete can think about how much benefit it will be if this breathing is turned on at a distance: when inhaling, the abdominal muscles relax, while exhaling, the abdominal muscles, contracting, raise the diaphragm and a better exhalation occurs.
Studying the speed of chemical reactions in biochemistry, you think about when exactly to drink glucose before starting in orienteering. If three minutes before the start, then with the start of work, glucose immediately enters the bloodstream, splitting into carbon dioxide and water, and gives the athlete additional energy. If you take glucose five minutes before the start, then it has time to turn into a more complex sugar, glycogen, which, in order to provide energy, must first be broken down into simple carbohydrates. This splitting requires additional energy.
When studying the technique of overcoming obstacles in the forest, one cannot do without biomechanics. Whether you like it or not, you follow its laws. It is better to know this subject in order to painlessly and quickly study your own - the technique of movement in the forest.
Without knowing physiology, it is impossible to understand the processes of energy supply of the body with a different nature of work. You need to have an idea of what creatine phosphate, aerobic and anaerobic processes are, due to which the sprinter and marathon runner take energy - this makes it possible to train correctly.
It is difficult to overestimate the role of psychology in tourism and orienteering. Given the psychological characteristics of the group members, many tragedies can be avoided on a long trip. We have already spoken about the role of psychology in orienteering.
Hygiene, theory and methodology of physical education, skiing, athletics, swimming, gymnastics, outdoor and sports games, a survival school - all this will come in handy on a hike and at a distance.
Even knowledge of a foreign language! After all, in a few years orienteering will be an Olympic sport, and suddenly you get into the national team? And what? Dreaming is not bad. By the way, often the dream comes true.
In tourism and orienteering classes, you can supplement the knowledge of the children obtained in the lessons of geography, biology, psychology, biochemistry, geometry, etc. and thereby involve teachers of other disciplines in their work. This proves that physical culture, tourism and orientation are not only the culture of the body, but also the culture of the spirit!
Bibliography
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